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Azorubine	· E122 · Carmoisine, · Food Red 3, · Azorubin S, · Brillantcarmoisin O, · Acid Red 14, · C.I. 14720	Halal	Azorubine is a synthetic azo dye used to give a red colour to foods, especially those which require heat treatment. Typical products include marzipan, puddings, cakes, jams, sauces, sweets, yogurt, and soups.
Amaranth	· E123 · FD&C Red No. 2 · C.I. Food Red 9 · Acid Red 27 · Azorubin S · C.I. 16185	Halal	Amaranth is a purple-red synthetic coal tar or azo dye, which in addition to colouring in food, is used in dyeing and colour photography. Originally derived from the small herbaceous plant of the same name.
Ponceau 4R	· E124 · Cochineal Red A, · Brilliant Scarlet 4R, · Food Red 7, · C.I. 16255, · New Coccine, · Acid Red 18, · SX purple	Halal	Ponceau 4R is a red azo dye usually synthesized from coal tar which can be used in a variety of food products. It is a synthetic colourant that may be added to foods to induce a colour change. Typical products include packet desert mixes, toppings, tinned fruit, soups, salami.
Scarlet GN	· E125 · C.I. Food Red 2 · Ponceau SX · FD&C Red No. 4 · C.I. 14700	Halal	Red azo dye used as a food dye. It usually comes as a disodium salt. It is permitted in fruit peels and maraschino cherries.
Ponceau 6R	· E126 · Crystal ponceau 6R, · Crystal scarlet, · Brilliant crystal scarlet 6R, · Acid Red 44, · C.I. 16250	Halal	It is a Red azo dye. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It is used as a food dye, for staining fibrin with the MSB Trichrome stain. It usually comes as disodium salt. Amaranth is a closely related azo dye, also usable in Trichrome staining.
Erythrosine	· E127 · CI 45430 · FD&C Red No.3	Halal	Erythrosine is a cherry-pink/red synthetic coal tar dye. As well as being used as a food colouring, erythrosine is also used in printing inks. Typical products include artificially coloured cherries, strawberries and rhubarb, packet deserts, biscuits, cakes, spreads and pates, processed cooked meat.
Red 2G	· E128 · Acid Red 1, · Food Red 10, · Amidonaphthol red G, · azogeranine, · azophloxine, · azofloxin, · C.I. 18050	Halal	A synthetic red coal tar and azo dye, which is used particularly in meat products. Typical products include processed meats, jams, soft drinks.
Allura Red AC	· E129 · Allura Red, · Food Red 17, · C.I. 16035, · FD&C Red 40,	Halal	Red AC is derived from coal tar. It is a red synthetic azo dye which was introduced to replace Amaranth. It is used in sweets, drinks and condiments, medications and cosmetics.
Indanthrene blue RS	· E130 · C.I. vat blue 4, · carbon paper blue, · blue O, · carbanthrene blue 2R, · fenan blue RSN, · graphtol blue RL, · medium blue, · monolite fast blue 3R, · indanthrene, · indanthrone, · pigment blue 60, · or C.I. 69800	Halal	It is a synthetic anthraquinone dye. It has the appearance of blue needles with metallic lustre and melting point of 470-500 °C. Indanthrene is a blue dye, the compounds and derivatives of which are used as vat dyestuffs. It is used to dye unmordanted cotton and as a pigment in quality paints and enamels.
Patent Blue V	· E131 · Food Blue 5 · Sulphan Blue	Halal	Patent Blue V is a synthetic blue-violet coal tar dye used only moderately in the food industry. Patent Blue V is also used as an acid base indicator. Typical products include scotch eggs.

Indigotine	· E132 · FD&C Blue No. 2, · Indigo Dye · Indigo carmine	Halal	Indigo carmine is a blue synthetic coal tar dye, used not only in the food and cosmetics industries but also as a diagnostic aid (e.g. in kidney function tests). It is commonly added to tablets and capsules; also used in ice cream, sweets, baked goods, confectionary, biscuits, synthetic coal tar derivative.
Brilliant Blue FCF	· E133 · FD&C Blue No.1, · Food Blue 2, · Acid Blue 9, · D&C Blue No. 4, · Alzen Food Blue No. 1, · Alphazurine, · Atracid Blue FG, · Erioglaucine, · Eriosky blue, · Patent Blue AR, · Xylene Blue VSG,	Halal	Brilliant blue is a blue synthetic coal tar dye which can be used together with tartrazine to give shades of green. It is also used in inks, as a fabric and wool dye, and to stain proteins. It is used in dairy products, sweets and drinks, synthetic usually occurring as aluminium lake (solution) or ammonium salt.
Chlorophylls	· E140 · Chlorophyllins · Natural Green 3, · Chlorophyll A, · Magnesium chlorophyll	Halal	It is a natural green colour, present in all plants and algae. Commercially extracted from nettles, grass and alfalfa. Typical products include soaps, preserved fruits and vegetables, sweets, soups, ice cream, sauce mixes.
Copper complexes of chlorophyll	· E141 · Copper phaeophytin · Sodium or potassium salts of copper complexes of chlorophyllin	Halal	It is a natural green colour, which is present in all plants and algae. It is created from an ingredient name “Chlorophylls”. It is commercially extracted from nettles, grass and alfalfa. Typical products include preserved green fruits and vegetables, sauce mixes, soups, ice cream, sweets.
Brilliant green BS	· E142 · Green S, · Greens S, · Food Green S, · FD&C Green 4, · Acid green 50, · Lissamine Green B, · Wool Green S,	Halal	A green synthetic coal tar dye. Typical products include mint jelly, tinned peas, sauce, packet bread crumbs and cake mixes.
Caramel	· E150 A - D · Plain Caramel · Caustic sulphite caramel · Ammonia caramel · Sulphite ammonia caramel	Halal	It is made by controlled heat treatment of sugar beet or sugar cane (with or without the presence of alkalis or acids). The caramel group of colours are the most widely used group of colours, comprising some 98% of all colours used. Between them they can be found in brown bread, buns, chocolate, biscuits, chocolate flavored flour based confectionery, coatings, decorations, fillings and toppings, crisps, dessert mixes, doughnuts, fish and shellfish spreads, frozen desserts, glucose tablets, gravy browning, ice cream, jams, milk desserts, pancakes, pickles, sauces and dressings, soft drinks particularly cola drinks, stouts, sweets and vinegar.
Brilliant Black BN	· E151 · Brilliant Black BN · Brilliant Black PN · Brilliant Black A · Black PN · Food Black 1 · Naphthol Black · C.I. Food Brown 1	Halal	A violet/black synthetic coal tar and azo dye. Used in decorations and coatings, desserts, fish paste, flavored milk drinks, ice cream, mustard, red fruit jams, sauces, savoury snacks, soft drinks, soups and sweets.
Black 7984	· E152 · Black 7984 · Food Black 2	Halal	A brown-to-black synthetic diazo dye. It usually comes as a tetrasodium salt. It is used in cosmetics.
Carbon black	· E153 · charcoal, · Norit · Vegetable carbon	Mushbooh	Whilst this black colouring can be obtained from various sources including activated charcoal, bones, meat, blood, various fats, oils and resins or just the incomplete combustion of natural gas, it is normally derived from burnt vegetable matter. This could include Genetically Modified crops. Can be found in concentrated fruit juices, jams, jellies and liquorice.
Brown FK	· E154 · Food Brown 1 · Brown FK · Kipper Brown	Halal	A highly suspect brown mixture of six synthetic azo dyes together with other colorings and sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate. Found mainly in kippers and smoked mackerel.

Brown HT	· E155 · Chocolate Brown HT · Food Brown 3	Halal	A brown synthetic coal tar and azo dye found mainly in chocolate flavour cakes and biscuits.
Carotenes	· E160 A · Alpha-carotene · Beta-carotene · Gamma-carotene	Mushbooh	Orange or yellow plant pigments, found mainly in carrots, green leafed vegetables and tomatoes, which the human body converts into Vitamin A in the liver. Can be commercially manufactured in the laboratory but beta-carotene, with some alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene present, is normally extracted from carrots and other yellow or orange fruits and vegetables with hexane. Used in butter and soft margarines, coffee sponge cakes, milk products and soft drinks. Please be aware that some manufacturers use gelatin as a stabilizer. With the move away from porcine and bovine gelatin this is likely to be fish gelatin.
Annatto	· E160 B · Bixin · Norbixin	Halal	A yellow, peach or red vegetable dye obtained from the seed coat of the fruit of the Annatto tree, Bixa orellana. May be either oil-soluble or water soluble and is stable in processing, baking and brine. Used, sometimes in combination with E100, in cheese (Cheshire, Double Gloucester and Red Leicester), coleslaw, crisps, custard, fish fingers, flavoured instant mashed potato, fruit and cream fillings and toppings, frying oil, ice cream and lollies, icings, liqueurs, low calorie spreads, margarine, salad cream and mayonnaise, smoked fish, soft drinks, sponge cakes and puddings and yoghurt. Also used as a body paint, digestive aid and expectorant. Also used in soap, fabric dye and varnishes.
Capsanthin	· E160 C · Capsicum (bell pepper) extract · Capsorubin, · Paprika extract	Halal	An orange to red colour extracted from the fruit pod and seeds of the red pepper, Capsicum annuum. Normally obtained by solvent extraction from the Hungarian variety with Spain being a major producer. Used widely in poultry feed to deepen the colour of egg yolks. It can also be found in cheese slices. Expect to see more use in meat products with the swing away from synthetic colours towards the natural ones.
Lycopene	· E160 D	Halal	A red colour extracted from tomatoes and pink grapefruit, which does not appear to be in use currently.
Beta-apo-8'-carotenal	· E160 E	Halal	An orange to red colour, normally synthetic when used as a food colour, although it occurs naturally in oranges and tangerines. It is used in cheese slices.
Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid	· E160 F	Halal	Natural colour, present in many plants. It is made commercially from E160e or isolated from plants. It is a dark red food colour, slightly soluble in water. Found in many different products. Typical products include processed cheese.
Flavoxanthin	· E161 A	Halal	Natural colour, present in many plants. Commercially prepared from buttercup. Yellow food colour. Slightly soluble in water. Rarely used. If used only in confectionary.
Lutein	· E161 B	Halal	They are yellow pigments, related to carotene. Extracted using the solvent hexane they normally contain other source plant material. Lutein is found in egg yolks, fat cells and green leaves. Can be obtained from the same sources and at the same time as Chlorophyll. Typical products include egg yolks (Lutein is fed to poultry to enhance yolk colour).
Cryptoxanthin	· E161 C	Halal	Natural colour, present in many plants, Commercially prepared from Physalis species. Yellow food colour. Slightly soluble in water. Used in confectionary.

Rubixanthin	· E161 D	Halal	Natural colour, present in many plants. Commercially prepared from Rosa (rose) species. Yellow food colour. Slightly soluble in water.
Violaxanthin	· E161 E	Halal	Natural colour, present in many plants. Commercially prepared from Viola species. Yellow food colour. Slightly soluble in water.
Rhodoxanthin	· E161 F	Halal	Natural colour, present in many plants and birds. Commercially prepared from different plant species, found naturally in yew tree seeds. Yellow food colour. Slightly soluble in water.
Canthaxanthin	· E161 G	Mushbooh	Natural colour, present in many plants and birds. Yellow color possibly derived from animal sources (retinol); the pigment is found in some mushrooms, crustacea, fish, and flamingo feathers. Commercially prepared from catharelles (mushroom) or flamingo feathers. However, it is mainly produced synthetically from carotene. Extracted using the solvent hexane they normally contain other source plant material. Canthaxanthin is also available in some mushrooms, crustaceans and fish, but it is normally obtained commercially from beta-carotene (thus depends on the source of beta-carotene). As well as being used in such products as chicken in breadcrumbs, fish fingers, mallow biscuits, pickles and preserves, sauces and sweets it is also fed to farmed salmon and trout to enhance the colour of the flesh. Fed to laying hens to make to colour egg yolks. Typical products include tanning products, sauces, fish, preserves, breadcrumbs, sweets.
Citranaxanthin	· E161 H	Halal	Natural colour, present in many plants. Commercially prepared from several dried plants species. Yellow food colour. Slightly soluble in water.
Beetroot extract	· E162	Halal	A deep red/purple natural extract from beetroot. It can impart an earthy taste to the food. Can be found in desserts, ice cream, jams, jellies, liquorice, oxtail soup, sauces and sweets. Typical products include soup, tomato products, bacon products, desserts, sauces, jams, sweets, jelly.
Anthocyanins	· E163a cyaniding · E163b delphinidin · E163c malvidin · E163d pelargonidin · E163e peonidin · E163f petunidin · E163(i) grape peel extract · E163(ii) anthocyan mixture · E163(iii) black current extract	Halal	Anthocyanins are natural red, blue or violet plant pigments present in the cell sap of many flowers, fruits and vegetables. They may contain a wide range of compounds including anthocyanin, tartaric acid, tannins, sugars and minerals. Typical products include soft drinks, pickles, soups, dairy products, jelly, fruit desserts, sweets.
Calcium carbonate	· E170 · Limestone · Calcite · Aragonite · Chalk · Marble	Halal	Calcium carbonate occurs naturally as chalk, limestone, marble, dolomite, eggshells (consist of 94% calcium carbonate), pearls, coral, stalactites, stalagmites, and the shells of many marine animals. Can be found in biscuits, bread, cakes, ice cream, sweets, vitamin and other tablets and to firm canned fruit and vegetables. Also used in toothpastes, white paint and cleaning powders. Calcium carbonate is also used as filler in rubbers, latex, paints and enamels, and in plastics, as well as finding use as a mild abrasive in toothpastes and an antacid. Typical products include tinned fruit and vegetables, wine, vitamin supplements, bread, cakes and other flour products.
Titanium dioxide	· E171 · Titanium(IV) oxide · Titania · Titanium white, · Pigment White 6 · Titania · Rutile · Anatase · Brookite	Halal	White in colour, Titanium dioxide is extracted from the naturally occurring mineral Limonite. Can be found in tablets and capsules, cottage and Mozzarella cheeses, horseradish cream and sauces, lemon curd, toothpaste, and white paint, also in sweets where it is often used to provide a barrier between different colours. Used to increase opacity in some sauces. Typical products include sweets, pharmaceutical tablets and vitamin supplements, sauces and cheese.
Iron oxides	· E172(i) black iron oxide · E172(ii) red iron oxide · E172(iii) yellow iron oxide	Halal	Naturally occurring pigments of iron, which can be yellow, red, orange, brown or black in colour. Manufactured by treating a solution of ferrous sulphate or chloride with an alkali and oxidizing the precipitate in hot air. Can be found in cake and dessert mixes, meat paste, salmon and shrimp paste. Toxic at High doses, banned in Germany.

Aluminum	· E173	Halal	Aluminum is a naturally occurring element, present in a normal healthy diet. It is used in food as a metallic surface coating. Pure aluminum is a silvery-white metal that is capable of taking a high polish, has high thermal and electrical conductivity, has excellent corrosion resistance, is non-magnetic, malleable and ductile. It is the most commonly occurring metal in the earth's crust (8.3% by weight), and as well as being used in the food industry, is also used in the construction and aerospace industries, in aerosol cans and foil. Typical products include sugar coated flour confectionery, silver coated tablets.
Silver	· E174	Halal	Silver is used in food to give a metallic surface colour. However prolonged consumption may lead to argyria, a blue-grey skin. The greatest source of silver now is as a by product in the manufacture of non-ferrous metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn. Silver is usually obtained from crushed silver bearing ore. The actual method of recovery from the ore depends on which metal is predominant in the ore but normally ends by electrolysis using one of two techniques, either the Moebius or Thum Balbach systems. Silver is used extensively in the photographic industry, as well as in silverware and jewellery, electrically, for silvering mirrors and in batteries. Typical products include sugar coated flour confectionery.
Gold	· E175	Halal	Gold is used in food to give a metallic surface colour which is very unreactive, however it is also very expensive. Gold is produced by crushing gold-containing rock, the grains of gold are then extracted either by the cyanide process or by amalgamation with mercury. Gold is used to settle international debts, but other uses include manufacture of jewellery, in dentistry, the electronics industry and in the aerospace industry. Typical products include sugar coated flour confectionery.
Lithol Rubine BK	· E180 · Lithol Rubine BK · Pigment Rubine · Carmine 6B · Brilliant Carmine 6B · Permanent Rubin L6B · Litholrubine · Latolrubine · C.I. Pigment Red 57 · C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 · D&C Red No. 7	Halal	A synthetic azo dye, reddish in colour used solely for Colouring the rind of hard cheeses. Typical products include cheese.
Tannins	· E181 · Tannic acid	Halal	Clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks; derived from the nutgalls and twigs of oak trees; occurs naturally in tea.
Sorbic acid	· E200	Halal	Occurs naturally in fruit, used as a preservative it inhibits fungal growth but allows for bacterial activity, hence is useful for cheese. Obtained from the berries of mountain ash. Sorbic acid is used in conjunction with sulphur dioxide in wine making, without SO2 bacteria cause reduction of sorbic acid to sorbyl alcohol which converts to a foul smelling ether. Also used as a preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Sorbic acid had a conjugated system of double bonds which makes it susceptible to nucleophilic attack, sometimes giving mutagenic products. Sorbic acid is used in a wide range of products, such as yoghurt and other fermented dairy products, fruit salads, confectionery, lemonade, cheese, rye bread, cakes and bakery products, pizza, shellfish, lemon juice, wine, cider and soups.
Sodium sorbate / Sorbic acid sodium salt	· E201	Halal	Sodium sorbate is the sodium salt of sorbic acid. Plays a similar role in food preservation as sorbic acid. Typical products include wine, cheese, other fermented products, desert sauces and fillings, soups, sweets.
Potassium sorbate	· E202	Halal	An antifungal and antibacterial -Preservative, manufactured by neutralisation of Sorbic Acid. It can be found in candied peel, cheese, cider, concentrated fruit juice, dessert sauces, dried apricots, fillings and toppings, fermented milks, frozen pizzas, fruit salads, gelatin capsules, glace cherries, jams and preserves, margarine, pickled cucumber, processed cheese spreads and slices, salad dressing, seafood dressings, soft drinks, soup concentrates, sweets, table olives, tinned fruit pie fillings and yoghurt.
Calcium sorbate	· E203 · Sorbic acid calcium salt	Halal	It is created from an ingredient called “Sorbic acid”. It is an antifungal and antibacterial Preservative, manufactured by neutralization of Sorbic Acid. Sorbic acid and its salts are considered as harmless because they are metabolised in human body like fatty acids.Typical products that contain this ingredient are candied peel, cheese, cider, concentrated fruit juice, dessert sauces, dried apricots, fillings and toppings, fermented milks, frozen pizzas, fruit salads, gelatin capsules, margarine, processed cheese spreads and slices, soft drinks, soup concentrates, sweets and yoghurt.
Benzoic acid	· E210 · Carboxybenzene, · Dracylic acid · Benzenecarboxylic acid · phenylcarboxylic acid	Halal	Benzoic acid, benzoates and benzoic acid esters are commonly found in most fruits, especially berries. Cranberries are a very rich source of benzoic acid. In addition to fruits, benzoates occur naturally in mushrooms, cinnamon, cloves and some dairy products (due to bacterial fermentation). Whilst occurring naturally in many edible berries, fruits and vegetables it is available commercially by chemical synthesis from Benzoin, a resin exuded by trees native to Asia. It is used as a preservative against both yeasts and fungi in acidic products. High concentrations result in a sour taste, which limits the application. Benzoates are often preferred, due to better solubility. Typical products that include this ingredient are coffee essence, dessert sauces, soft drinks, flavoring syrups, fruit juice, pulp and puree, jam, margarine, marinated herring and mackerel, pickles, salad cream and dressings, fruit yoghurt, baked goods, cheeses, gum, condiments, frozen dairy, relishes, soft sweets, cordials and sugar substitutes. Also used in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in many cough medications and an antifungal in ointments.

Sodium sulphite	· E221 · exsiccated sodium sulphite	Halal	Sodium salt of sulphurous acid. It is a white, non-stable powder, which reacts with oxygen to form sodium sulphate. In acidic conditions it forms sulphurous acid, a preservative. It is used as a preservative as well as oxidizing and bleaching agent to prevent spoilage and discoloration. In meat it prevents browning; however, it is not allowed in meat products, as it may mask bacterial spoilage characterized by discoloration. It is also used as a bread enhancer, by dint of its action in improving the kneading capacity of the bread. It is found in Egg-yolk and products with egg-yolk, salads, beer, bread, caramel. As a decontaminating agent in fresh orange juice, and during sugar refining.
Sodium hydrogen sulphite	· E222 · Acid potassium sulphite · Acid sodium sulphite sodium bisulphite	Halal	Mono-sodium salt of sulphurous acid. It is a white, non-stable powder, which reacts with oxygen to form sodium sulphate. In acidic conditions it forms sulphurous acid, which acts as a preservative. It is used as a preservative in some products and may be used as a bleaching agent. Found in Preserved onions, alcoholic beverages, dairy products, fruit juices, mashed potatoes, etc. As a decontaminating agent in fresh orange juice, and during sugar refining.
Sodium disulphite	· E223 · Sodium metabisulphite · Sodium Pyrosulfite · Sodium Disulfite · Disodium pyrosulphite · Sodium pyrosulphite	Halal	Sodium salt of sulphurous acid. Typical products include preserved fruit and vegetables, pickles, fruit juice, frozen vegetables, frozen shellfish, dried fruits, fruit deserts.
Potassium disulphite	· E224 · Potassium metabisulphite · Potassium pyrosulfite · Dipotassium disulfite · Potassium pyrosulphite	Halal	Potassium salt of sulphurous acid. Typical products include wine, frozen vegetables, fruit juice, fruit preserves, pickles, frozen shellfish.
Potassium sulphite	· E225	Halal	Potassium salt of sulphurous acid. It is a white non-stable powder, which reacts with oxygen to potassium sulphate. In acidic conditions it forms sulphurous acid, which acts as a preservative. It is used as a preservative and may be used as a bleaching agent in sugar production. It is used for the production of sulphite-caramel.
Calcium sulphite	· E226 ·	Halal	Calcium salt of sulphurous acid. It is a white, non-stable powder, which reacts with oxygen to form calcium sulphate. In acidic conditions it forms sulphurous acid, which acts as a preservative. It is used as a preservative and may be used as a bleaching agent in sugar production. It increases the firmness of canned vegetables (due to the calcium). Found in Cider, sugar, fruit juices, etc. Typical products include wine, cier, fruit juice, canned fruit and vegetables, fruit pickles and preserves.
Calcium hydrogen sulphite	· E227 · acid calcium sulphite · calcium bisulphate · calcium dihydrogen sulphite · calcium disulphite	Halal	It is a Calcium salt of sulphurous acid. It is a greenish fluid, which reacts to form calcium sulphite. In acidic conditions it forms sulphurous acid, which acts as a preservative. Used not only as a food preservative, but also as a firming agent and disinfectant in food preparation. Typical products include beer, canned fruit and vegetables, jams, pickles, fruit juice, fruit jelly.
Potassium hydrogen sulphite	· E228 · Potassium bisulphite	Halal	It is a Potassium salt of sulphurous acid. It is a white, non-stable powder, which reacts with oxygen to form potassium sulphate. In acidic conditions it forms sulphurous acid, which acts as a preservative. Used not only as a food preservative, but also as a firming agent and disinfectant in food preparation. Typical products include beer, canned fruit and vegetables, jams, pickles, fruit juice, fruit jelly.
Diphenyl	· E230 · Biphenyl · Phenylbenzene	Halal	It is a white, flaky powder with a pleasant odour prepared from benzene. It has fungicidal properties and is used as a preservative for fresh citrus fruits, usually by impregnating the wrapping papers.It is an antifungal derivative of benzene, used to inhibit the growth of mould on citrus fruits. Typical products include oranges, lemons, grapefruits.
Phenylphenol	· E231 · 2-hydroxybiphenyl · o-phenylphenol · Dowicide 1 · biphenylol · orthophenyl phenol · o-xenol · orthoxenol · orthophenylphenol	Halal	It is a chemically synthesized preservative with bactericidal and fungicidal properties used for the surface protection of citrus fruits, especially oranges, either by direct application or by impregnating wrapping papers. It is a light yellow, crystalline powder which is insoluble in water. Its bactericidal and fungicidal properties are due to BIPHENYL, which it slowly releases.Typical products include oranges, lemons, grapefruits, other citrus fruits.

Phenylphenol sodium salt	· E232 · sodium orthophenylphenate · Sodium orthophenyl phenol · Sodium Biphenyl-2-yl Oxide	Halal	It is a Sodium salt of an ingredient named “phenyl phenol,” synthesized from phenyl ether, used as an antibacterial and antifungal preservative in food. White powder used especially against Penicillium fungi growing on citrus fruits, apples and pears. It is very soluble in water, and used for spraying or dipping fruits. It slowly penetrates the skin and may be present in the fruit itself. Typical products include oranges, lemons, grapefruits, other citrus fruits.
Thiabendazole	· E233 · 2-(Thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazole	Halal	Thiabendazole this is a chemical derived ingredient with a chemical value of C10H7N3S. It is used as an antifungal to preserve fruts. It is part of the Benzamidazole family (for detail see attached document, especailly page 24). It is used in medicine and also in agriculture as pesticide. It is being frequently used to impregnate paper used to wrap up fruits. It is mainly sprayed on fruits; it could also be a component of an aqueous solution, in which fruits are submerged. It may only be used on the outer surface of fruits. Typical products are citrus fruits, apples, pears, potatoes, bananas, mushrooms, meat, milk.
Nisin	· E234	Halal	Nisin is a polypeptide (short protein) antibiotic produced by the bacterium Lactococcus lactis, normally used in cheese production. Nisin is produced during the growth of bacterium Streptococcus lactis and is a polypeptide antibiotic used in food as a preservative. Typical products include cheese and other dairy produce.
Pimaracin	· E235 · Natamycin	Halal	It is a mould inhibitor derived from bacteria; sometimes used medically to treat candidiasis, Typical products are meat, cheese, tomato paste.
Formic acid	· E236 · hydrogen carboxylic acid, · methanoic acid · formylic acid · Aminic acid	Halal	Formic acid is naturally present in ants, but also in many fruits (such as apples, strawberries and raspberries), honey and nettles. Commercially produced from sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbon monoxide. It is occasionally used as a preservative and as a flavouring in baked goods, jams, marmalades, processed fruit and soft drinks.
Sodium formate	· E237	Halal	The SODIUM salt of FORMIC ACID prepared by heating a mixture of carbon monoxide and SODIUM HYDROXIDE under pressure. It is used as a preservative and flavouring in baked goods, fruit juices, jams, jellies, marmalades and some preserved vegetables.
Calcium formate	· E238 · formic acid calcium salt · calcoform	Halal	A white, water-soluble powder with a slightly vinegary odour the CALCIUM salt of FORMIC ACID. It is prepared by heating CALCIUM HYDROXIDE and carbon monoxide under pressure. Its main use is as a preservative in animal feedstuffs.
Hexamine	· E239 · Hexamethylene tetramine · Methenamine · hexamethylenetetramine	Halal	It is a benzine derivative which slowly decomposes to FORMALDEHYDE. It is a powerful fungicide and is also suspected to be a mild carcinogen. Limited use in preserved fish, fish products, shellfish, caviar and certain cheeses.
Formaldehyde	· E240 · Methanal · Formalin · formol, · methyl aldehyde, · methylene oxide · formic aldehyde, · oxomethane · paraform.	Halal	Formaldehyde is the most important industrial aldehyde with about 3.6 million tonnes of formaldehyde being made each year. The industrial synthesis of formaldehyde involves methanol. The incomplete combustion of organic compounds results in formaldehyde formation, hence smoked foods are preserved not only by phenolic substances present in the smoke, by the formaldehyde coating. It is also used as a disinfectant and a fungicide. Its main application is in the preparation of phenolic resins (or phenol-formaldehyde copolymers, e.g. bakelite). Formaldehyde is also used in the preparation of ribose.
Dimethylcarbonate	· E242 · DMC	Halal	Dimethyl carbonate, often abbreviated DMC, is a flammable clear liquid boiling at 90 °C, insoluble in water. It has recently found use as a methylating reagent. Its main benefit over other methylating reagents such as iodomethane and dimethyl sulfate is its lesser toxicity and its biodegradability. Also, it is now prepared from catalytic oxidative carbonylation of methanol with oxygen, instead of from phosgene making its production non-toxic and environmentally friendly. This allows dimethyl carbonate to be considered a green reagent. It is used as a preservative (cold-sterilisation) in drinks.

Potassium nitrite	· E249 · nitrous acid · potassium salt	Halal	Potassium nitrite is the potassium salt of nitrous acid and is used as a curing agent and preservative in meat. It inhibits the growth of Clostridium bacteria which produce the deadly toxin botulin. Nitrite-treated meat can be heated to a lower temperature to kill the botulinum spores than would be necessary without the additive. The nitrite reacts with haemoglobin to produce a stable red pigment, nitrosohaemoglobin, giving the meat a bright, fresh colour. Nitrites also react with amines in the meat to form chemicals called nitrosamines, several of which have been shown to be carcinogenic. SODIUM NITRITE is the more commonly used nitrite, although potassium nitrite may be preferred in low-sodium diet foods.Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables.
Sodium nitrite	· E250	Halal	Sodium nitrite is the sodium salt of nitrous acid. It is a preservative prepared from SODIUM NITRATE either by chemical synthesis or by the natural action of bacteria in foods treated with sodium nitrate. It is a yellowish-white powder with a salty taste. It is mainly used for curing meat and preserving process. Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables.
Sodium nitraite	· E251 · Chile saltpeter · caliche; · nitrate of soda; · saltpeter; · soda niter; · nitratine · cubic nitre · nitric acid sodium salt	Halal	Sodium nitrate is a natural mineral, occurring in great abundance in the Atacama desert (hence the name Chile saltpetre). It is used as a preservative and curing agent in meat. Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables.
Potassium nitrate	· E252 · saltpetre · Nitrate of potash	Halal	Potassium nitrate is a naturally occurring mineral used as a preservative and curing agent in meat. It is a naturally occurring mineral with a salty taste prepared from animal wastes or by chemical synthesis from SODIUM NITRATE and POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, used as a preservative and colour fixative. It has been used as a curing agent for meat for thousands of years. It is reduced to POTASSIUM NITRITE by bacteria and thus inhibits the growth of micro-organisms and stabilizes the red colouring of the meat.It is artificially manufactured by the reaction of potassium chloride with nitric acid. Potassium nitrate is used in fireworks as well as fertilizers. Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables.
Acetic acid	· E260 · Methanecarboxylic acid · acetyl hydroxide · hydrogen acetate · Acetic acid · Ethanoic acid	Halal	It is a natural acid, present in most fruits. Produced by bacterial fermentation and thus present in all fermented products. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar, molasses or alcohol or by chemical synthesis from acetealdehyde. Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) has been used for hundreds of years as a preservative (vinegar, French for "sour wine"). In foods it is used for its antibacterial properties, as an acidity stabiliser, diluting Colourings, as a flavouring agent and for inhibiting mould growth in bread. In brewing it is used to reduce excess losses of carbohydrate from the germinated barley and to compensate for production variations, so producing a consistent quality beer. If during the fermentation of grapes or other fruits, oxygen is allowed into the container, then bacteria convert the ethanol present into ethanoic acid causing the wine to turn sour. Acetic acid may be synthetically produced using methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, or butane/naphtha oxidation. Pure acetic acid is termed "glacial", and is completely miscible with water. Typical products include fish fingers, butter, margarine, processed cheese, curry powder, cooking oil, bread, cheese, chutney, horseradish cream, pickles, salad cream, brown sauce, fruit sauce, mint sauce and jelly and tinned baby food, sardines and tomatoes. Although it may be produced from alcohol, it does not contain any alcohol.
Potassium acetate	· E261 · potassium salt · acetic acid potassium salt · potassium ethanoate · ethanoic acid potassium salt	Halal	It is a Potassium salt of acetic acid, a natural acid, present in most fruits. Produced by bacterial fermentation and thus present in all fermented products. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar, molasses or alcohol or by chemical synthesis from acetealdehyde. Although the acid may be produced from alcohol, it does not contain any alcohol. Typically found in such products as sauces and pickles. Also used as a fabric conditioning agent, and in the manufacture of penicillin.
Sodium acetate	· E262 · sodium acetate · Acetic acid · sodium salt · sodium ethanoate · sodium diacetate · sodium hydrogen acetate	Halal	It is a Sodium salt of acetic acid, a natural acid, present in most fruits. Produced by bacterial fermentation and thus present in all fermented products. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar, molasses or alcohol or by chemical synthesis from acetealdehyde. Although the acid may be produced from alcohol, it does not contain any alcohol. Sodium Acetate - The sodium salt of acetic acid. Acts as a buffer in foods. Technical grade sodium acetate is used as a mordant in dyeing processes, as buffers in petroleum production, and for kidney dialysis processes. In plastic manufacturing it is used as a retarder for some elastomers. Typical products include bouillons. Sodium hydrogen acetate (sodium diacetate) - A vinegar used as a mould inhibitor in snack foods and bread, as a flavour enhancer in breads, cakes, cheese and snack food. Technical grade sodium hydrogen acetate is used as a buffer in petroleum production. Typical products include bread, crisps and other snack foods, cheese, cakes.
Calcium acetate	· E263 · Acetate of lime · Calcium ethanoate · calcium acetate monohydrate · calcium diacetate.	Halal	It is a calcium salt of acetic acid, a natural acid, present in most fruits, a by product in the manufacture of wood alcohol. Used to make acetic acid (vinegar), to control the acidity of food during processing, as a thickening agent in cake mixes, packet desserts and puddings, a calcium supplement in pet foods, and as a preservative against microbial growth. Produced by bacterial fermentation and thus present in all fermented products. A white, odourless powder, soluble in water a CALCIUM salt of ACETIC ACID. It is very effective at preventing the growth of yeast and bacteria, less so at preventing the growth of mould. It is used as a sequestrant and preservative in baked goods and packet mixes.Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar, molasses or alcohol or by chemical synthesis from acetealdehyde. Although the acid may be produced from alcohol, it does not contain any alcohol. Typical products include packet deserts, pie fillings.
Ammonium acetate	· E264	Halal	Ammonium acetate is a chemical compound with the formula. It is a white solid, which can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, ammonium acetate has a number of distinctive properties. · It is occasionally employed as a biodegradable de-icing agent. · It is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution, one that can be thermally decomposed to non-ionic products · Ammonium acetate is useful in the Knoevenagel condensation in organic synthesis. · It is relatively unusual example of a salt that melts at low temperatures. · Can be used with distilled water to make a protein precipitating reagent. · Is often used as an aqueous buffer for ESI mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules. Ammonium formate is volatile at low pressures. Because of this it has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts, in preparing samples for mass spectrometry. [1] Other volatile salts which have been used for this include ammonium formate. Used in products that also contain acetates.
Lactic acid	· E270 · 2-hydroxypropanoic acid	Halal if produced by bacteria in fermented foods. Haram if of animal origin. Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of ingredient	Natural acid produced by bacteria in fermented foods. All fermented foods are very rich in lactic acid. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation on starch and molasses. As a food additive it increases the antioxidant properties of other substances and can be used to add a bitter taste. It is the commonest acidic constituent of fermented milk products such as sour milk, cheese, and buttermilk. People should be aware that as it is a naturally occurring animal product, it could conceivably be of animal origin. Typical products include tinned foods especially vegetables and fruit, fresh fruit and vegetables, carbonated drinks, jams, jellies, soft margarine, marmalade, infant milks and cereals, pickled red cabbage, salad dressings, sweets, tartar sauce and many tinned products, such as baby foods, mackerel, pears, sardines, strawberries and tomatoes.

Propionic acid	· E280 · ethanecarboxylic acid	Mushbooh	Propionic acid a liquid fatty acid, found naturally in sweat, in milk products, and as a product of bacterial fermentation. Prepared synthetically from ethyl alcohol and carbon monoxide, it is used chiefly in the form of its propionates as a mold inhibitor in bread and as an ingredient in perfume. Propionic acid is used as an antifungal agent in food. It is naturally occurring as one of the products of digestion of cellulose in herbivorous animals. It is a natural acid present in small quantities in many foods, sometimes in high concentrations produced by bacteria in fermented foods, such as types of Swiss cheese. It is also produced on a large scale by the bacteria in the large intestine. It is also a normal component of sweat. It is derived commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde, natural gas or fermented wood pulp. It is produced when bacteria decompose fiber. Typical products include dairy produce, particularly cheese, baking products.
Sodium propionate	· E281 · sodium salt	Mushbooh	Sodium propionate is the sodium salt of Propionic acid. It is used as an antimicrobial agent in bread to prevent germination of some types of bacteria which causes sticky yellow patches to occur. It is a sodium salt of Propionic acid, a natural acid present in small quantities in many foods, sometimes in high concentrations produced by bacteria in fermented foods, such as types of Swiss cheese. Occurs naturally in fermented food, human sweat and stomachs of cows. It is also produced on a large scale by the bacteria in the large intestine. Typical products include bakery products, dairy products.
Calcium propionate	· E282	Mushbooh	Calcium propionate is the calcium salt of Propionic acid. It is used as an antimicrobial agent in bread to prevent germination of some types of bacteria which causes sticky yellow patches to occur. It is a natural acid present in small quantities in many foods, sometimes in high concentrations produced by bacteria in fermented foods, such as types of Swiss cheese. It is also produced on a large scale by the bacteria in the large intestine. Typical products are flour products, where it is used as a mould inhibitor, and a means of reducing the yeast content of bread. *Note: There has been some inclination that this can also be obtained from bones, however, no research was found to confirm this.
Potassium propionate	· E283	Mushbooh	Potassium propionate is the potassium salt of Propionic acid. It is used as an antimicrobial agent in bread to prevent germination of some types of bacteria which causes sticky yellow patches to occur. It is a potassium salt of Propionic acid, a natural acid present in small quantities in many foods, sometimes in high concentrations produced by bacteria in fermented foods, such as types of Swiss cheese. It is also produced on a large scale by the bacteria in the large intestine. Typical products are flour products, where it is used as a mould inhibitor, and a means of reducing the yeast content of bread.
Boric acid	· E284 · Orthoboric acid · Boracic acid · Sassolite · Optibor · Borofax	Halal	An acidity regulator. Boric acid is best known for being an antiseptic, it is also used in creams and ointments, insecticides, leather finishing, paints, soaps, wood preserving, and in ceramics and glass manufacturing. Boric acid is industrially synthesized by treating borax with strong acid. Ingestion is harmful and may be fatal. Harmful by inhalation. Used in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and numerous industrial processes. Used in Australia for a well known ant poison.
Sodium tetraborate	· E285 · decahydrate, · boricin · disodium tetraborate decahydrate.	Halal	An acidity regulator. Borax has many industrial uses including as an added ingredient in washing powder, water softeners and soaps. Borax is also mixed with clay and other substances to produce porcelain enamels used in pottery, and other ceramics. It is used on, not in foods as an inorganic herbicide, or insectide.
Carbon dioxide	· E290	Halal	A gas present in air, produced in combustion, fermentation and animal metabolism. Carbon dioxide is produced when any form of carbon or almost any carbon compound is burned in an excess of oxygen. In animal respiration carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells, is carried to the lungs and is breathed out. Green vegetation uses chlorophyll to combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen to form carbohydrates (photosynthesis). Typical products include fizzy drinks, carton fruit juice, wine.
Malic acid	· E296 · hydroxybutanedioic acid	Halal	Malic acid is a natural acid present in most fruits and many vegetables, especially apples. Commercially made by chemical synthesis. It is part of the metabolic pathway of every living cell. Typical products include tinned fruit, vegetables and pulses, jams, jelly, frozen vegetables and fruit squash.
Fumaric acid	· E297 · Ethylenedicarboxylic acid · 2-Butenedioic acid · Allomaleic acid · Boletic acid · Lichenic acid	Halal	Fumaric acid is a natural acid present in many fruits and vegetables derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. Commercially made by fermentation of sugar by fungi or by chemical synthesis. It is part of the metabolic pathway in every living cell. Added to foods as an acidity regulator and flavoring agent, may be used as a substitute for cream of tartar. It is used as a mordant in dyeing and in the manufacture of synthetic resins and polyhydric alcohols. Typical products include bread, fruit drinks, pie fillings, poultry, jams, jelly.
Ascorbic acid	· E300 · L- Ascorbic acid · l,3-ketothreohexuronic acid	Halal	Acid, which occurs naturally in most fruits and vegetables. Commercially synthesized by bacterial fermentation of glucose, followed by chemical oxidation. Vitamin C, essential for growth, healthy teeth, gums, bones, skin and blood vessels and aiding the absorption of iron, is found naturally in many fresh fruits and vegetables. Found in butter, frozen egg products, powdered and concentrated milk, frozen croquette potatoes, tinned baby foods and wine. It can also be added to products that may lose their vitamin C in processing -such as dried potatoes. May be made synthetically from glucose, naturally occurs in fruit and vegetables; added to products as diverse as cured meat, breakfast cereals and frozen fish.

Sodium L-ascorbate	· E301 · Ascorbic acid sodium salt · Ascorbine · Sodium ascorbate	Halal	Sodium salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, a natural acid), which occurs naturally in most fruits and vegetables. Commercially synthesized by bacterial fermentation of glucose, followed by chemical oxidation. It is used as an antioxidant, a colour preservative and as a vitamin supplement. It can be found in quick-frozen fish and lobster, sausages, scotch eggs, smoked frankfurters, tinned meats and both tinned and cereal based baby foods.
Calcium L-ascorbate	· E302 · Ascorbic acid calcium salt · Calcium ascorbate	Halal	Calcium salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, a natural acid), which occurs naturally in most fruits and vegetables. Commercially synthesized by bacterial fermentation of glucose, followed by chemical oxidation. It is used as an antioxidant, a colour preservative and as a vitamin supplement. It can be found in bouillons, consommés and scotch eggs. Typical products include cereal, processed meat products.
Potassium ascorbate	· E303	Halal	Potassium ascorbate is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid. It is used as a source of vitamin C, and as an antioxidant in food. Typical products include cereal, processed meat products.
Ascorbyl palmitate	· E304 · Ascorbyl stearate	Halal if prepared synthetically. Haram if prepared from animal fat. Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of ingredient	Ascorbyl palmitate is prepared synthetically and it is used as an antioxidant, a colour preservative and as a vitamin supplement but with the added advantage of being fat-soluble at high temperatures. Combination of the fatty acid palmitate with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, a natural acid), which occurs naturally in most fruits and vegetables. Palmitic acid is produced from fat. There is the possibility that the palmitic acid used is obtained from animal fat, although the main source is vegetable fat. Use of animal (incl. pork) fat cannot be ruled out completely. It can be found in baby formula, chicken stock cubes, pork pies, sausages, scotch eggs and tinned baby food. There is the possibility that the palmitic acid used is obtained from animal fat, although the main source is vegetable fat. Use of animal (incl. pork) fat cannot be ruled out completely. Only the producer can provide with details of its origin. (i) Ascorbyl palmitate is formed from the esterification of palmitic acid and ascorbic acid together. It is used as a source of vitamin C, and as an antioxidant in food, and has many applications as it is soluble in fats at high temperatures. Typical products include cereal, processed meat products. (ii) Ascorbyl stearate is formed from the esterification of stearic acid and ascorbic acid together. It is used as a source of vitamin C, and as an antioxidant in food. Typical products include cereal, processed meat products.
Tocopherol concentrate	· E306 · Vitamin E · Extracts of tocopherols	Halal If obtained from plant fat. Haram if obtained from pork fat Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of ingredient	Tocopherol concentrate is an antioxidant for polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissue fats and is used in meat pies, desert toppings and vegetable oils as well as a vitamin supplement. It protects other nutrients, such as Vitamin A, from oxidation but is largely destroyed by freezing. Commercially it can be extracted, by distillation in a vacuum, from cottonseed, maize, rice germ, soya been oil, wheat germ, or green leaves and may, therefore, come from Genetically Modified sources. Unlike other vitamins, the form of alpha-tocopherol made in the laboratory and found in supplements is not identical to the natural form, and is not quite as active as the natural form. Extracts obtained from soya bean oil, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize and green leaves are rich in naturally occurring vitamin E, and are used in food as antioxidants as well as sources of vitamin enrichment. These tocopherols include alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols. Vitamin E is an essential requirement foe red blood cells and aids supply of oxygen to the heart and muscles. It also acts as an antioxidant in the body by reducing radical species e.g. oxygen radicals and breaking the propagation chain of lipid oxidation. Halal If Tocopherol is obtained from plant fat. Haram if Tocopherol is obtained from pork fat.
Alpha-tocopherol	· E307 · E307a D- a –tocopherol · E307b Mixed tocopherol concentrate	Halal if made with all Halal synthetic material without alcoholic fermentation Haram if made with synthetic material with alcoholic fermentation Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of the ingredient	Alpha-tocopherol is chemically synthesized and is used as an antioxidant and source of vitamin E in food. It is an antioxidant and is used in pork pies and sausages as well as a vitamin supplement. Has a greater antioxidant effect than gamma-tocopherol (E308) in animals but not in cells or non-biological matter. It also protects other nutrients, such as Vitamin A, from oxidation but is largely destroyed by freezing. Commercially it can be produced from cottonseed, maize, rice germ, soya been oil, wheat germ, or green leaves and may, therefore, come from Genetically Modified sources. Because of its antioxidant synergy with Ascorbyl palmitate it is likely to be found in combination with E304. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products. Halal only if it is made with all Halal synthetic material without alcoholic fermentation.
Gamma-Tocopherol	· E308	Halal if made with all Halal synthetic material without alcoholic fermentation Haram if made with synthetic material with alcoholic fermentation Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of the ingredient	Extract of vegetable oils rich in tocopherols (vitamin E), especially soybean oil. Can also be made by chemical synthesis. Found in most foods, it is abundant in, amongst other things, whole grain cereals, corn and cottonseed oils, egg yolks, meat and milk. Gamma-Tocopherol is an antioxidant for polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as a vitamin. Less effective than alpha-tocopherol (E306 and E307) in animals but not in non-biological matter. It also protects other nutrients, such as Vitamin A, from oxidation but is largely destroyed by freezing. Commercially it can be produced from cottonseed, maize, rice germ, soya been oil, wheat germ, or green leaves and may, therefore, come from Genetically Modified sources. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products. Halal only if it is made with all Halal synthetic material without alcoholic fermentation synthetic method.
Delta- Tocopherol	· E209 · d -Tocopherol	Halal if made with all Halal synthetic material without alcoholic fermentation Haram if made with synthetic material with alcoholic fermentation Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of the ingredient	Extract of vegetable oils rich in tocopherols (vitamin E), especially soybean oil. Can also be made by chemical synthesis. It is an antioxidant for polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as a vitamin. Reported to be the most effective antioxidant of all the tocopherols in non-biological matter. It also protects other nutrients, such as Vitamin A, from oxidation but is largely destroyed by freezing. Commercially it can be produced from cottonseed, maize, rice germ, soya been oil, wheat germ, or green leaves and may, therefore, come from Genetically Modified sources. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products. Halal only if it is made with all Halal synthetic material without alcoholic fermentation.
Propyl gallate	· E310 · Gallic acid, propyl ester · N-propyl gallate	Halal	Synthesised from propanol and gallic acid, which is produced from plant tannins. Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances. It is derived from nutgalls. Used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging. Typical products include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce.
Octyl gallate	· E311	Halal	Synthesised from octanol and gallic acid, which is produced from plant tannins. Octyl gallate is synthesised by the esterification of gallic acid which is derived from gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark etc. Typical products include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce. Typical products include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce.

Dodecyl gallate	· E312	Mushbooh	Synthesized from lauryl alcohol and gallic acid, which is produced from plant tannins. There is the possibility that the lauric acid used for lauryl alcohol is obtained from animal fat, although the main source is vegetable fat. Use of animal (incl. pork) fat cannot be ruled out completely. It does not contain alcohol (ethanol). Typical products include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce.
Thiodipropionic acid	· E313	Halal	Synthetic Anti-oxidant in fatty products, especially added to prevent rancidity. Used in Oils and fats, (cosmetics).
Guaiac Gum	· E314	Halal	Natural resin from the tree Guajacum officinale and some related tropical trees. Anti-oxidant in cola.
Erythorbic acid	· E315 · araboascorbic acid · d-isoascorbic acid · glucosaccharonic acid · erycorbin · saccharosonic acid	Halal	Erythorbic acid, formerly known as isoascorbic acid and D-araboascorbic acid, is a stereoisomer of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is a vegetable-derived food additive produced from sucrose. It is widely used as an antioxidant in processed foods.
Sodium erythorbate	· E316 · Sodium iso-ascorbic acid · D-isoascorbate, · Erythorbic acid sodium salt	Halal	Sodium erythorbate is a food additive used predominantly in meats, poultry, and soft drinks. Chemically, it is the sodium salt of erythorbic acid. When used in processed meat such as hot dogs and beef sticks, it reduces the rate at which nitrate reduces to nitric oxide, thus retaining the pink coloring. As an antioxidant structurally related to vitamin C, it helps improve flavor stability and prevents the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Sodium erythorbate is produced from sugars derived from sources such as beets, sugar cane and corn. An urban myth claims that sodium erythorbate is made from ground earthworms; however, there is no truth to the myth. It is thought that the genesis of the legend comes from the similarity of the chemical name to the words earthworm and bait.
Erythorbin acid	· E317	Halal	Produced from sucrose. No know side effects. Related to ascorbic acid but lacks any vitamin value. Found in frozen fish, preserved meat and fish, and other foods that use ascorbic acid.
Sodium erythorbin	· E318	Halal	Produced from Erythorbin acid
Butylhydroxinon	· E319 · Tert-ButylHydroQuinone · TBHQ	Halal	Petroleum based. Typical products are dairy blend edible fats and oils, margarine, dripping, salad dressing, lipsticks.
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)	· E320 · Butylated hydroxy-anisole · BHA · tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole · tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol · BOA · (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol	Halal if only vegetable oil is used as a carrier. Haram if the carrier is from pork fat Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of ingredient	Petroleum derivative, BHA is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E and operates by reducing oxygen radicals and interrupting the propagation of oxidation processes. It is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative, and is prepared from p-methoxyphenol and isobutene. BHA can be used in baked products as it is stable at high temperatures, it is mainly used to prevent rancidity in fats and oils. Typical products include biscuits, cakes, fats and oils, cereals, pastry and pastry products, sweets, edible oils, chewing gum, fats, margarine, nuts, instant potato products, polyethylene food wraps; not permitted in infant foods, can provoke an allergic reaction in some people, may trigger hyperactivity and other intolerances. Halal if only vegetable oil is used as a carrier. Haram if the carrier is from pork fat. It is not available as pure 100% chemical.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)	· E321 · BHT · 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol · 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol	Halal if only vegetable oil is used as a carrier. Haram if the carrier is from pork fat. Please contact manufacturer to confirm origin of ingredient	Petroleum derivative; BHT is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E and operates by reducing oxygen radicals and interrupting the propagation of oxidation processes. It is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative, and is prepared from p-cresol and isobutylene. It is one of the most commonly used antioxidants for food oils and fats and is much cheaper than BHA although it has more limited applications due to instability at high temperatures. There is evidence that BHT causes cell division. Typical products include biscuits, cakes, fats and oils, cereals, pastry and pastry products, sweets. Halal if only vegetable oil is used as a carrier. Haram if the carrier is from pork fat. It is not available as pure 100% chemical.

Sodium alginate	· E401	Halal	It is a Sodium salt of alginic acid, a natural polysaccharide, produced by different seaweeds of the family Phaeophyceae (Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, L. cloustoni, Ascophyllum nodosum. Used as a food thickener and stabiliser and in medicines, paint, and paper coating.
Potassium alginate	· E402	Halal	Potassium alginate is a chemical compound that is the potassium salt of alginic acid. It is an extract of seaweed and is used as a thickener in the food industry and as a gelling agent in emulsifier.
Ammonium alginate	· E403	Halal	It is an Ammonium salt of alginic acid, a natural polysaccharide, produced by different seaweeds of the family Phaeophyceae (Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, L. cloustoni, Ascophyllum nodosum. A high-molecular-weight, hydrophilic colloid; used as a thickening agent/stabilizer in ice cream, cheese, canned fruits, and other food products.
Calcium alginate	· E404	Halal	It is a Calcium salt of alginic acid, a natural polysaccharide, produced by different seaweeds of the family Phaeophyceae (Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, L. cloustoni, Ascophyllum nodosum).
Propane-1,2-diol alginate	· E405 · Hydroxypropyl alginate · Propylene glycol alginate	Halal	Propylene glycol ester of alginic acid, a natural polysaccharide, produced by different seaweeds of the family Phaeophyceae (Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, L. cloustoni, Ascophyllum nodosum.It is a thickener and vegetable gum, derived from petroleum. Artificial sweetener base, preservative, used in germicides, paint remover and antifreeze.
Agar	· E406 · polysaccharide complex	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced by different seaweeds of the family Rhodophyceae (Gelidium amansii, G. cartilagineum). Agar-Agar is produced from members of the Gelidiacae, Sphaerococcaceae and Rhodophyceae seaweed families. It is used in food as a gelling agent, although the resulting coagulation is rather brittle and not as effective as carrageenan or gelatin. Typical products include ice cream and frozen desserts, meringue, icings, sweets, fondants, cream, milk and yogurt.
Carrageenan	· E407 · Processed eucheuma seaweed	Halal	It is a Fibre extracted from seaweed, used as a setting agent. Carrageenan is a naturally occurring family of carbohydrates extracted from red seaweed. This particular type of seaweed is common in the Atlantic Ocean near Britain, Europe and North America. The seaweed is boiled to extract the Carrageenan. Carrageenan is widely used as an additive by the food industry for its gelling, thickening and stabilizing properties. Used in salad dressings, prepared meat and fish, flavored milk, processed cheese, ice cream, evaporated milk, cream, cottage cheese, sour cream, infant formula, alcoholic beverages, sauces and dressings.
Furcelleran	· E408	Halal	It is a natural polysaccharide, produced from seaweed (Furcellaria fastigata) in Denmark. Sometimes it is placed under “Carrageenan,” due to the fact that they have similar chemical structures. It is used as a thickening agent, stabiliser and emulsifier.
Locust Bean Gum	· E410 · Carob gum	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced from the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) found mostly in the Mediterranean region. The gum is extracted from the seeds of the Carob tree (Seratonia siliqua). Gums are famously bland, they are generally odourless and tasteless and most have no energy value. They do though have a nutritional function besides their mechanical and cosmetic ones: in digestion they function as fibre, easing bowel function, and some are used as bulk laxatives. Used in frozen desserts, cultured dairy products and cream cheese.
Oat Gum	· E411	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced from oats. It is used as a thickening agent.

Guar Gum	· E412 · Guaran	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced from the guar shrub (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) found in Pakistan and India. Also called guaran, it is extracted from the seed of the leguminous shrub Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, where it acts as a food and water store. In the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry Guar gum is used as an effective binder, stabilizer, disintegrator and thickener. Widely used in bakeries, diaries and the production of processed meat, dressings and sauces. It is an important natural food supplement with high nutritional value, for weight gain and cholesterol reduction. In cosmetics, especially shampoos and toothpastes, guar gum is used primarily as a thickening and suspending agent. In beverages, it is used as stabilizer for preparing chocolate drinks and juices. Guar is also widely used in tobacco, leather, insecticides and pesticides, crayons and adhesives amongst others.
Gum Tragacanth	· E413 · Tragacanth	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced from the tree Astralagus gummifer found in Iran, Syria and Turkey. Tragacanth or gum tragacanth, is a gummy exudation. It is obtained through incisions made into the stem of the plant. Tragacanth is almost insoluble in water but swells in it to form a stiff gel. It is used as an emulsifying agent, as a component of pills, hand lotions, and medicinal lubricating jellies, as a demulcent, and as a sizing material. A gum (sometimes called Indian tragacanth) from a plant of the sterculia family is sold as a cheaper substitute. Used in salad dressings, processed cheese, cream cheese, cottage cheese, ice cream and icing.
Gum Arabic	· E414	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced from the tree Acacia senegal from tropical Africa. Gum Arabic is the dried gum from the stems and branches of sub-Saharan (Sahel zone) Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal (Leguminosae) trees and produced naturally as large nodules during a process called gummosis to seal wounds in the bark of the tree. Gum Arabic is used in food as a thickener, stabiliser, glazing agent and emulsifier, and is readily water-soluble. Typical products include chewing gum, sweets, jelly, fondants, beer, soft drinks, fruit squash, and wine.
Xanthan gum	· E415	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris from sugar and molasses. It is gluten-free but can be used as a substitute for gluten (the protein which gives wheat flour its structure). Used as an emulsifier, lubricant, suspending agent and thickener. May be used alongside non-gluten containing flours to improve structure and texture in gluten-free baked goods. Also used in salad dressing to emulsify oil and vinegar, in cosmetics, animal feeds and various industrial products.
Karaya Gum	· E416	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, obtained from the tree Sterculia urens found in India, as well as some related trees. Its main function is to impart stability through its binding and emulsifying properties. Karaya has been used as a stabiliser in whipped cream and in imitation whipped cream. Also used to stabilise meringue powders. In combination with Carrageenan, Karaya increases the shelf life of bread and other bakery goods and improves the tolerance of dough to overmixing. In meat processing, Karaya has been used as an emulsifier and binder. It functions by absorbing the water residue from the ice used in manufacturing processed meats. Found in cereal and potato-based snacks, cheese spreads, bakery products, nut coatings, fillings, toppings and coatings for bakery products, desserts, emulsified sauces, egg-based liqueurs, dietary food supplements, dairy products and chewing gum. Also used as a denture adhesive, and laxative.
Tara Gum	· E417	Halal	A natural polysaccharide (glactomannan), obtained from the tree Cesalpinia spinosa native to South America, but also cultivated in the Mediterranean region. Tara gum is the endosperm of the seeds of the tara tree (Cesalpinia spinosa lin). Like guar gum and carob bean gum, tara gum is a galactomannan, comprising approximately 25% of galactose. Tara gum is partly soluble in cold water. The solution is more viscous than a guar gum or carob bean gum solution of the same concentration. Like carob bean gum, it has a gelling effect together with xanthan and increases the gelling properties of agar. Used in ice-cream and cosmetics.
Gellan gum	· E418	Halal	A natural polysaccharide, produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas elodea from starch. A thickener, gelling agent and stabilizer Gellan gum is the generic name for a natural gum produced by the bacterium, Pseudomonas elodea. It is a polysaccharide (meaning -composed of sugars). A bacterial exopolysaccharide, prepared commercially by aerobic submerged fermentation from Sphingomonas elodea. Soluble in water, it is used primarily as an alternative to agar as a gelling agent in microbiological culture. Its largest advantages over agar are its almost perfect visual clarity and its strength; it is able to withstand 120 degree Celsius heat, making it especially useful in culturing thermophilic organisms. One needs only approximately half the amount of Gellan gum as agar to reach an equivalent gel strength, though the exact texture and quality depends on the concentration of divalent cations present. Used in the new generation of gel drinks such as Sunny Delight.
Sorbitol	· E420 · Sorbitol syrup	Halal	A natural carbohydrate alcohol, present in many berries and fruits, e.g., apples, prunes, cherries and grapes. It is used as an artificial sweetener and humectant; derived from glucose, either obtained from berries of the Sorbus aucuparia tree or synthesized; used in confectionary, dried fruit, pastries, low calorie foods, pharmaceutical syrups and ophthalmic preparations and is the seventh most widely used preservative in cosmetics. The term carbohydrate alcohol is a chemical definition; Sorbitol does not contain alcohol (ethanol).
Mannitol	· E421 · 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexanehexol · Mannite · Manna sugar	Halal	A natural carbohydrate alcohol, present in many plants, e.g. conifers, seaweed and mushrooms. It is commercially produced from glucose (dextrose). It is used as an Artificial sweetener and humectant. Typical products are low calorie sugar-free foods, mustard, puddings, sauces, frozen fish. The term carbohydrate alcohol is a chemical definition; mannitol does not contain alcohol (ethanol).
Glycerol	· E422 · Glycerin · Glycerine · propane-1,2,3-triol · 1,2,3-propanetriol · 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane · Glyceritol · Glycyl alcohol	Halal if obtained from petroleum products Haram if from animal fat Please contact manufacture	It is a humectants and sweetener; oily colorless alcohol; derived by decomposition of natural fats with alkalis; usually as a by-product of soap making using animal fat or vegetable oil; can be obtained from petroleum products sometimes synthesized from propylene or fermented from sugar. It is a Low-calorie sweetener, humectant (helps keep food moist) in bakery and confectionery products. The term carbohydrate alcohol is a chemical definition; glycerol does not contain alcohol. Used in flexible coatings on sausages and cheeses, also in crystallized and dried fruit, liqueurs and vodka, marshmallows, soft drinks, desserts, confectionary, tooth paste, etc.